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Copper Alloys

As one of the oldest names in metallurgical history, copper exhibits a unique combination of properties, including high electrical and thermal conductivity, and high resistance to corrosion. Copper has a storied history dating back over 10,000 years, with more than 95% of all copper ever mined and smelted extracted since 1900. The total amount of copper on Earth is vast, estimated at around 1014 tons in the top kilometer of Earth's crust, equivalent to approximately 5 million years' worth of extraction at the current rate.

Despite its abundance, only a tiny fraction of copper reserves are economically viable due to present-day prices and technologies. Estimates for existing copper reserves available for mining range from 25 to 60 years, depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate.

Copper, in its purest form, is quite soft, but the addition of various alloying elements can increase its hardness significantly. The incorporation of tin, for instance, results in the creation of bronze, a highly durable alloy that can be easily cast in molds. In antiquity, the Egyptians mastered the art of hardening copper by using alloying elements and work hardening techniques through hammering. They also introduced the enduring symbol for copper known as the ankh, represented as a cross with an oval loop on top, symbolizing enduring life, frequently found in ancient kings' tomb writings.

Over time, copper's versatility has led to the development of a wide range of copper-based alloys, which serve specific needs and applications. These copper alloys, with copper as their principal component, exhibit high resistance against corrosion. Notable traditional types include bronze, with significant tin content, and brass, which incorporates zinc instead. The older terms for these alloys, "lattens," have been replaced by the more precise term "copper alloy" today. The similarities in external appearance among various alloys, coupled with the diverse combinations of elements, can sometimes lead to confusion when categorizing them.

Currently, there are as many as 400 different copper and copper-alloy compositions, loosely grouped into categories like copper, high-copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, copper-nickels, copper–nickel–zinc (nickel silver), leaded copper, and specialty alloys. While some historical compositions, especially from the Bronze Age, remain vague due to their variable mixtures, the continuous advancements in technology and growing demands have fueled ongoing exploration and utilization of copper and its alloys.

Product Properties

chemical Properties

Alloy "Cu Alloy Attribute Description Trade Name Be Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni P Pb Si Sn Te Zn Others
110 -
 -
 Electrolytic Tough Pitch
 -
 -
 -
 -
 99.9
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 Oxygen and trace elements may vary depending on the process
122 -
 -
 Phosphorus Deoxidized, High Residual Phosphorus
 -
 -
 -
 -
 99.9
 -
 -
 -
 .015-.040
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
143 -
 -
 Cadmium Copper Deoxidized
 -
 -
 -
 -
 99.9
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
145 -
 -
 Tellurium Bearing
 -
 -
 -
 -
 99.9 (Inc. Te)
 -
 -
 -
 .044-.012
 -
 -
 -
 .40-.7
 -
 .05-.15 Cd
172 -
 -
 -
 Beryllium Copper
 1.80-2.00
 —
 —
 Rem.
 —
 -
 —
 -
 —
 0.2
 -
 -
 -
 Al = .20
173 -
 -
 -
 -
 1.80-2.00
 —
 —
 Rem.
 —
 -
 —
 -
 .20-.6
 0.2
 -
 -
 -
 "Al = .20 Ni + Co = .20 min.
1751 -
 -
 -
 Beryllium Copper Alloy
 .20-.6
 0.3
 —
 Rem.
 0.1
 -
 1.4-2.2
 -
 —
 0.2
 -
 -
 -
 Al = .20
180 -
 A940
 -
 A940
 —
 —
 .10-.6
 Rem.
 0.15
 -
 2.0-3.0 (incl. Co)
 -
 —
 .40-.8
 -
 -
 -
 —
180 -
 A945
 -
 A945
 —
 —
 1.5
 84.9
 —
 -
 10.8
 -
 —
 2.8
 -
 -
 -
 —
182 -
 -
 -
 Chromium Copper
 —
 —
 .6-1.2
 Rem.
 0.1
 -
 —
 -
 0.05
 0.1
 -
 -
 -
 —
187 -
 C99
 -
 C99
 —
 —
 —
 Rem.
 —
 -
 —
 -
 .8-1.5
 —
 -
 -
 -
 —
187 -
 C97
 -
 C97
 —
 —
 —
 97.8
 —
 -
 1
 -
 1
 —
 -
 -
 -
 P = .22
210 -
 -
 -
 Gilding, 95%
 -
 -
 -
 94.0-96.0
 0.05
 -
 -
 -
 0.03
 -
 -
 -
 Rem.
 -
280 -
 -
 -
 Muntz Metal, 60%
 -
 -
 -
 59.0-63.0
 0.07
 -
 -
 -
 0.3
 -
 -
 -
 Rem.
 -
365 -
 -
 -
 Leaded Muntz Metal, Uninhibited
 -
 -
 -
 58.0-61.0
 0.15
 -
 -
 -
 .25-.7
 -
 0.25
 -
 Rem.
 -
752 -
 -
 -
 Nickel-Silver, 65-18
 -
 -
 -
 63.5-66.5
 0.25
 0.5
 16.5-19.5
 -
 0.05
 -
 -
 -
 Rem.
 -
715 Rem.
 -
 -
 Copper-Nickel, 30%
 -
 -
 -
 -
 .40-1.0
 1
 29.0-33.0
 -
 0.05
 -
 -
 -
 1
 For welding applications: Zn = .50
380 -
 -
 -
 Architectural Bronze, Low Leaded
 -
 -
 -
 55.0-60.0
 0.35
 -
 -
 -
 1.5-2.5
 -
 0.3
 -
 Rem.
 Al=.50

mechanical Properties

Alloy Form Size Temper Tensile Strength, ksi Yield Strength, ksi Elongation in 2 Inches, % Condition
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 0.05
 32
 10
 45
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 0.025
 34
 11
 45
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 Quarter Hard
 38
 30
 25
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 Half Hard
 42
 36
 14
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 Hard
 50
 45
 6
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 Spring
 55
 50
 4
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 Extra Spring
 57
 53
 4
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 As Hot Rolled
 34
 10
 45
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.025
 0.05
 32
 10
 50
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.025
 Eighth Hard
 36
 28
 40
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.025
 Quarter Hard
 38
 30
 35
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.04
 Eighth Hard
 36
 28
 30
 -
110 Flat Product
 1
 Hard
 45
 40
 20
 -
110 Rod
 1
 0.05
 32
 10
 55
 -
110 Rod
 0.25
 Hard (40%)
 55
 50
 10
 -
110 Rod
 1
 As Hot Rolled
 32
 10
 55
 -
110 Wire
 0.08
 0.05
 35
 -
 35*
 -
110 Wire
 0.08
 Hard
 55
 -
 1.5**
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.025
 As Hot Rolled
 32
 10
 50
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 0.05
 32
 10
 45
 -
110 Wire
 0.08
 Spring
 66
 -
 1.5**
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 Eighth Hard
 36
 28
 30
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 Quarter Hard
 38
 30
 25
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 Half Hard
 42
 36
 14
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 Hard
 50
 45
 6
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 Spring
 55
 50
 4
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 0.025
 34
 11
 45
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 As Hot Rolled
 34
 10
 45
 -
110 Flat Product
 0.025
 Hard
 50
 45
 12
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.25
 Eighth Hard
 36
 28
 40
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.25
 Hard
 50
 45
 12
 -
122 Flat Product
 1
 Hard
 45
 40
 20
 -
110 Rod
 1
 Hard (35%)
 48
 44
 16
 -
122 Tube
 1.0 in. OD x .065 in. Wall
 0.025
 34
 11
 45
 -
122 Tube
 1.0 in. OD x .065 in. Wall
 Light Drawn (15%)
 40
 32
 25
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.005
 Special Spring
 65
 62
 2
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.04
 0.05
 32
 10
 45
 -
122 Tube
 1.0 in. OD x .065 in. Wall
 Hard Drawn (40%)
 55
 50
 8
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.04
 0.025
 34
 11
 45
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.04
 Extra Spring
 57
 53
 4
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.04
 Eighth Hard
 38
 30
 30
 -
122 Tube
 1.0 in. OD x .065 in. Wall
 0.05
 32
 10
 45
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.04
 Spring
 58
 54
 4
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.04
 Extra Spring
 60
 58
 3
 -
145 Rod
 1
 0.05
 32
 10
 50
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.04
 Half Hard
 44
 38
 12
 -
110 Rod
 2
 Hard (16%)
 45
 40
 20
 -
145 Rod
 0.25
 Half Hard (20%)
 43
 40
 18
 -
145 Rod
 0.5
 Half Hard (20%)
 43
 40
 20
 -
145 Rod
 1
 Half Hard (20%)
 42
 40
 25
 -
145 Rod
 2
 Half Hard (15%)
 42
 39
 35
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.04
 Hard
 52
 47
 6
 -
145 Rod
 0.5
 Eighth Hard (6%)
 38
 30
 26
 -
145 Rod
 0.25
 Hard (45%)
 53
 49
 10
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 A
 70
 32
 45
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 1/4H
 80
 70
 25
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 1/2H
 92
 82
 15
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 H
 110
 104
 5
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 AM
 105
 82
 20
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 1/4HM
 115
 92
 17
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 1/2HM
 128
 105
 15
 -
145 Rod
 1
 Hard (35%)
 48
 44
 20
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 XHMS
 182
 160
 6
 -
172 Rod
 Up to 3/8 in
 H
 112
 90
 15
 -
172 Flat Product
 Under .188
 HM
 142
 122
 12
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.25
 As Hot Rolled
 32
 10
 50
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 A
 70
 32
 45
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 1/4H
 80
 70
 25
 -
172 Rod
 Over 1 in
 H
 100
 90
 15
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.25
 Quarter Hard
 38
 30
 35
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 AM
 105
 82
 20
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 1/4HM
 115
 92
 17
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 1/2HM
 128
 105
 15
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 HM
 142
 122
 12
 -
172 Rod
 Over 3/8 to 1 in
 H
 105
 90
 15
 -
145 Rod
 0.5
 0.015
 33
 11
 46
 -
173 Rod
 All
 A
 68
 25
 48
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 XHM
 168
 148
 7
 -
173 Rod
 Up to 3/8 in
 H
 112
 90
 15
 -
122 Flat Product
 0.25
 0.05
 32
 10
 50
 -
1751 Coil
 -
 -
 110
 100
 8
 HT
173 Rod
 Over 3/8 to 1 in
 H
 105
 90
 15
 -
145 Rod
 0.5
 Hard (35%)
 48
 44
 15
 -
180 -
 -
 -
 100
 75
 13
 -
180 / A945 -
 -
 -
 130
 80
 6
 -
182 Flat Product
 0.04
 Solution Heat Treated
 34
 19
 40
 -
1751 Rod, Bar
 -
 -
 100
 80
 10
 AT
173 Rod
 Over 1 in
 H
 100
 90
 15
 -
182 Flat Product
 0.04
 Solution Heat Treated and Cold Worked (50%)
 53
 51
 6
 -
182 Rod
 0.156
 Solution Heat Treated and Cold Worked (91%)
 74
 73
 5
 -
143 Flat Product
 0.04
 Quarter Hard
 40
 32
 25
 -
182 Rod
 0.5
 Solution Heat Treated
 45
 14
 40
 -
182 Rod
 0.5
 Solution Heat Treated and Aged (500°C - 3 hrs.)
 70
 55
 21
 -
182 Rod
 0.5
 Solution Heat Treated and Cold Worked (60.5%)
 57
 56
 11
 -
182 Rod
 0.5
 Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked (60.5%), and Aged (450°C - 3 hrs.)
 77
 65
 16
 -
182 Rod
 0.5
 Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked (50%), Aged and Cold Worked (6%)
 77
 67
 19
 -
182 Rod
 1
 Solution Heat Treated and Aged
 72
 65
 18
 -
182 Flat Product
 0.04
 Solution Heat Treated,Cold Worked (50%), and Aged (450°C - 3 hrs.)
 67
 59
 14
 -
182 Rod
 2
 Solution Heat Treated and Aged
 70
 65
 18
 -
182 Rod
 4
 Solution Heat Treated and Aged
 55
 43
 25
 -
182 Rod
 3
 Solution Heat Treated and Aged
 65
 55
 18
 -
187 / C99 Rod
 1
 0.05
 32
 10
 45
 -
187 / C99 Rod
 1
 Hafl Hard (20%)
 42
 38
 25
 -
187 / C99 Rod
 0.125
 Hard (50%)
 55
 50
 8
 -
187 / C99 Rod
 0.25
 Hafl Hard (20%)
 43
 40
 18
 -
187 / C99 Rod
 0.25
 Hard (45%)
 53
 49
 10
 -
182 Flat Product
 0.04
 Solution Heat Treated and Aged (500°C - 3 hrs.)
 51
 36
 22
 -
1751 Plate, Tube
 -
 -
 110
 100
 10
 HT
187 / C99 Rod
 1
 Hard (35%)
 48
 42
 15
 -
210 Rolled Strip
 0.04
 0.015
 38
 14
 42
 -
210 Rolled Strip
 0.04
 Quarter Hard
 42
 32
 25
 -
210 Rolled Strip
 0.04
 Half Hard
 48
 40
 12
 -
210 Rolled Strip
 0.04
 Hard
 56
 50
 5
 -
210 Rolled Strip
 0.04
 Extra Hard
 61
 55
 4
 -
210 Rolled Strip
 0.04
 Spring
 64
 58
 4
 -
210 Rolled Strip
 0.04
 0.035
 35
 11
 45
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 H
 110
 104
 5
 -
210 Rolled Strip
 0.04
 0.05
 34
 10
 45
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 XHMS
 182
 160
 6
 -
187 / C99 Rod
 0.5
 Hard (35%)
 48
 44
 12
 -
280 Flat Product
 0.04
 Soft Annealed
 54
 21
 45
 -
280 Flat Product
 0.04
 Eighth Hard
 60
 35
 30
 -
280 Flat Product
 0.04
 Half Hard
 70
 50
 10
 -
280 Rod
 1
 Quarter Hard
 72
 50
 25
 -
280 Rod
 1
 As Extruded
 52
 20
 52
 -
280 Tube
 1.0 in. OD x .065 in. Wall
 Light Annealed
 56
 23
 50
 -
280 Tube
 1.0 in. OD x .065 in. Wall
 Hard Drawn
 74
 55
 10
 -
280 Rod
 1
 Soft Annealed
 54
 21
 50
 -
280 Flat Product
 0.04
 As Hot Rolled
 54
 21
 45
 -
173 Flat Product
 Under .188
 1/2H
 92
 82
 15
 -
715 Rod
 1
 Half Hard (20%)
 75
 70
 15
 -
752 Flat Product
 0.04
 .035 mm
 58
 25
 40
 -
715 Flat Product
 1
 As Hot Rolled
 55
 20
 45
 -
752 Flat Product
 0.015
 Quarter Hard
 65
 50
 20
 -
752 Flat Product
 0.015
 Hard
 85
 74
 3
 -
752 Flat Product
 0.015
 Half Hard
 74
 62
 8
 -
752 Flat Product
 0.015
 60
 30
 32
 -
 -
182 Rod
 0.156
 Solution Heat Treated, Cold Worked (90%), and Aged
 86
 77
 14
 -

*Elongation in 10 inches.
**Elongation in 60 inches.

physical Properties

Alloy Alloy Attribute Melting Point, Liquidus (°F) Melting Point, Solidus (°F) Density, 68°F (Lb/In³) Coefficient Of Linear Thermal Expansion, 68 - 572°F (x 10⁻⁶/°F) Thermal Conductivity, 68°F (Btu/Ft²/Ft/Hr/°F) Electrical Conductivity, Annealed, 68°F (%IACS) Specific Heat, 68°F (Btu/Lb/°F)
110 -
 1981
 1949
 .321-.323
 9.8
 226
 101
 0.092
122 -
 1981
 -
 0.323
 9.8
 196
 85
 0.092
172 -
 1800
 1590
 0.298
 9.9
 62-75
 22
 0.1
143 -
 1976
 1926
 0.323
 9.8
 218
 96
 0.092
180 A945
 -
 -
 0.31
 9.7
 80
 -
 -
145 -
 1967
 1924
 0.323
 9.9
 205
 93
 0.092
187 C99
 1976
 1747
 0.323
 9.8
 218
 96
 0.092
187 C97
 -
 -
 0.321
 10.4
 140
 50
 0.09
210 -
 1950
 1920
 0.32
 10
 135
 56
 0.09
182 -
 1967
 1958
 0.321
 9.8
 187 (68-212°F)
 80
 0.092
180 A940
 -
 -
 0.315
 9.7
 125
 48
 -
365 -
 1650
 1630
 0.304
 11.6
 71
 28
 0.09
752 -
 2030
 1960
 0.316
 9
 19
 6
 0.09
1751 -
 -
 1830
 0.319
 10.7
 144
 20
 -
173 -
 1800
 1590
 0.298
 9.9
 62-75
 22
 0.1
280 -
 1660
 1650
 0.303
 11.6
 71
 28
 0.09
715 -
 2260
 2140
 0.323
 9
 17
 4.6
 0.09

fabrication Properties

Alloy Alloy Attribute Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) Soldering Brazing Oxyacetylene Welding Gas Shielded Arc Welding Coated Metal Arc Welding Spot Seam Butt
110 -
 20
 E
 G
 NR
 F
 NR
 NR
 NR
 G
143 -
 20
 E
 E
 G
 E
 NR
 NR
 NR
 G
145 -
 85
 E
 G
 F
 F
 NR
 NR
 NR
 F
172 -
 20
 G
 G
 NR
 G
 G
 G
 F
 F
173 -
 50
 G
 G
 NR
 G
 G
 G
 F
 F
180 A940
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
180 A945
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
122 -
 20
 E
 E
 G
 E
 NR
 NR
 NR
 G
182 -
 20
 G
 G
 NR
 G
 NR
 NR
 NR
 F
210 -
 20
 E
 E
 G
 G
 NR
 NR
 NR
 G
187 C97
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
 -
280 -
 40
 E
 E
 G
 F
 NR
 G
 NR
 G
365 -
 60
 E
 G
 F
 F
 NR
 NR
 NR
 F
715 -
 20
 E
 E
 G
 E
 E
 E
 E
 E
752 -
 20
 E
 E
 G
 F
 NR
 G
 F
 G
187 C99
 85
 E
 G
 NR
 NR
 NR
 NR
 NR
 F

E = Excellent
G = Good
F = Fair
NR = Not Recommended

Machinability ratings must be recognized as approximate values. They are a reasonable guide to relative tool life and power required for cutting. Variables of speed, cutting oil, feed, and depth of cut will significantly affect these ratios.

Jump to a specific alloy
110 120 122 145 147 19010XA

101

Copper C101 is an oxygen-free, high-conductivity copper alloy, with a minimum copper content of 99.99% and maximum oxygen level of 5 ppm. It ensures high electrical conductivity and avoids hydrogen embrittlement at elevated temperatures under reducing conditions. ASTM F68 compliant material options are available upon inquiry.

Shapes Offered

101H

Locate a product of this alloy in our product selector tool and learn more on the product details page.

Shapes Offered

102

Copper C102 is an oxygen-free, high-conductivity copper alloy with 99.95% minimum copper and a maximum oxygen level of 10 ppm. It ensures high electrical conductivity and avoids hydrogen embrittlement at elevated temperatures under reducing conditions.

Shapes Offered

110

Also called Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) copper, C110 has a minimum copper plus silver content of 99.90% with about 200-600 ppm oxygen. This copper is the most common and widely used copper due to its conductivity. It has a wide range of uses based on high electrical and thermal conductivity, good corrosion resistance and solderability, and characteristic copper color.

Shapes Offered

Rectangular Rectangular
Round Round
Sheet Sheet
Square Square

120

Locate a product of this alloy in our product selector tool and learn more on the product details page.

Shapes Offered

Tube Tube

122

C122 Deoxidized High Phosphorus (DHP) copper shares comparable mechanical properties with high purity copper alloys like C110. It stands out for its exceptional deep drawing characteristics and impressive resistance to pitting corrosion, even in challenging weather and water environments. This makes it a reliable choice for various applications where reliable performance and corrosion resistance are crucial.

Shapes Offered

Pipe Pipe
Sheet Sheet
Tube Tube

145

Tellurium copper C145 showcases mechanical properties similar to unalloyed pure copper while offering superior machinability, making it highly desirable for various applications. Its enhanced machinability is attributed to easier chip breakage, enabling higher machining speeds compared to pure copper. Despite this advantage, it maintains good corrosion resistance and boasts excellent electrical conductivity, making it an ideal choice for applications requiring both machinability and electrical performance. C145 stands as a versatile and reliable copper alloy, catering to a wide range of industries and engineering needs.

Shapes Offered

Hexagonal Hexagonal
Rectangular Rectangular
Round Round

147

C147 is a copper alloy containing sulfur, with 99.9% copper and additional phosphorus and sulfur to enhance machinability. Despite these additions, it retains excellent electrical conductivity. This alloy is frequently employed in the manufacturing of connectors, fasteners, and welding torch tips, making it a versatile choice for various applications.

Shapes Offered

Round Round

187

C187 is a leaded copper alloy. The alloy contains 0.8 - 1.5% lead and trace elements for improved machinability (85% out of 100%). C187 is highly rated for soldering and maintains excellent electrical conductivity.

Shapes Offered

California Resident Notice:california proposition 65 warning

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